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conjugation [2014/03/01 00:43] fenris |
conjugation [2020/04/26 22:51] (current) ob [Verb forms] does -end equal -ive? |
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== Proposal 1 == | == Proposal 1 == | ||
* formed by appending the suffix **-e** to the stem | * formed by appending the suffix **-e** to the stem | ||
+ | * like in Danish and Norwegian | ||
* references: [[References# | * references: [[References# | ||
== Proposal 2 == | == Proposal 2 == | ||
* formed by appending the suffix **-en** to the stem ([[References# | * formed by appending the suffix **-en** to the stem ([[References# | ||
- | * references: [[References# | + | |
+ | | ||
== Proposal 3 == | == Proposal 3 == | ||
- | * formed by appending the suffix **-en** to the stem | ||
- | * references: [[References# | ||
- | |||
- | == Proposal 4 == | ||
* formed by appending the suffix **-a** to the stem | * formed by appending the suffix **-a** to the stem | ||
+ | * like in Swedish and Icelandic | ||
+ | * references: [[References# | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Open questions == | ||
+ | Should a special infinitive marker be used like the English //to// (//to run//), German //zu//, Norwegian //å//, Swedish //att//, ...? | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Active/ | ||
- | === Active | + | Can this participle |
== Proposal 1 == | == Proposal 1 == | ||
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* references: [[References# | * references: [[References# | ||
- | === Passive participle === | + | == The -ive suffix == |
+ | |||
+ | Does this participle cover meanings corresponding to English " | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Passive/past participle === | ||
+ | |||
+ | Can this participle be pluralized? Presumably yes, in which case this must be borne in mind when designing it. And we should also bear in mind the morphology of the similar past/ | ||
== Proposal 1 == | == Proposal 1 == | ||
* add the suffix **-t** to the stem if it doesn' | * add the suffix **-t** to the stem if it doesn' | ||
- | * references: [[References# | + | * references: [[References# |
== Proposal 2 == | == Proposal 2 == | ||
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* add the suffix **-te** to the stem | * add the suffix **-te** to the stem | ||
* references: [[References# | * references: [[References# | ||
- | |||
==== Tempus (for indicative) ==== | ==== Tempus (for indicative) ==== | ||
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== Proposal 3 == | == Proposal 3 == | ||
- | | + | * the suffix **-te** is added to the stem to form the preterite |
- | | + | * if the root ends with T or D, this suffix " |
- | * same usage of **have** as described in proposals 1 and 2 | + | * if the root ends with a voiced consonant (i.e. B,V,G), the suffix is pronounced, and perhaps also written, **-de** |
- | * references: [[References# | + | * the perfect tenses are formed using the verb //have// with the passive participle |
+ | * references: [[References# | ||
+ | |||
+ | == The de-de bounce == | ||
+ | |||
+ | I, [[User_ob]], | ||
=== Future === | === Future === | ||
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== Proposal 1 == | == Proposal 1 == | ||
* formed with the the auxiliary verb for //to will// / //to shall// and the infinitive | * formed with the the auxiliary verb for //to will// / //to shall// and the infinitive | ||
+ | * example: **ik vil lope** / **ik skal lope** | ||
+ | * advantage: very common in (all?) Germanic language | ||
+ | * disadvantage: | ||
* references: [[References# | * references: [[References# | ||
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* formed with the verb for //to become// and the active participle | * formed with the verb for //to become// and the active participle | ||
* example: **ik verd lopend** (//i will run//; literally //i become running//) | * example: **ik verd lopend** (//i will run//; literally //i become running//) | ||
+ | * advantage: explicite and doesn' | ||
+ | * disadvantage: | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Proposal 3 == | ||
+ | * formed with the verb for //to come// and/or //to go// and the infinitive (maybe with the preposition " | ||
+ | * example: **ik kom lope** / **ik go lope** | ||
+ | * advantage: quite intuitively understandable and barely collides with other forms | ||
+ | * (dis)advantage: | ||
==== Modus ==== | ==== Modus ==== | ||
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=== Volative === | === Volative === | ||
- | Non-second-person imperatives need to be considered, especially the first-person plural. The obvious solution is a let-like auxiliary, which could in principle be used for all persons and numbers. Example: **lat os spisen** (//let us eat//). | + | Non-second-person imperatives need to be considered, especially the first-person plural. The obvious solution is a let-like auxiliary, which could in principle be used for all persons and numbers. Example: **lat os spisa** (//let us eat//). |
=== Subjunctive === | === Subjunctive === | ||
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(No proposals i've seen so far have conjugation for personae and numeri) | (No proposals i've seen so far have conjugation for personae and numeri) | ||
+ | ==== Inchoative and Causative Verbs and the Middle Voice ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | We should consider the issues of inchoative (becoming) versus causative (making) verbs, and very similarly, the middle voice. If you know Esperanto, this corresponds to //igxi// and //igi//. The big question is: do we copy (mostly) the natlangs and just use the same verb-forms (i.e. they are " | ||
+ | |||
+ | I think it's dodgy to use adjectives directly as verbs. The provisional causative suffix is **-en**, so an example causative-verb phrase is: //ik troken de plat// (I'm drying the plate). For the inchoative version, the options are: | ||
+ | * simply use that, i.e. //de plat troken// | ||
+ | * use an inchoative suffix | ||
+ | * use a reflexive pronoun, i.e. //de plat troken sig// | ||
+ | * use the verb " | ||
+ | |||
+ | Regarding the middle voice, this relates to verbs in general. An example verb is " | ||
==== Additional remarks ==== | ==== Additional remarks ==== | ||
- | * mostly it is proposed to make all verbs regular, except for the one for //to be// | + | * mostly it is proposed to make all verbs regular, except for the one for //to be//. A possibility for this one special verb (from [[User_ob]]) is the following, using **ver** as the root: infinitive **vera** or **vere** (depending on the suffix), imperative **ver**, participle 1 **verend**, participle 2 **varet**, present tense **er**, preterite **var**. Note that the first three forms are regular, and the second three irregular. |