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- | # General guidelines | + | ====== |
Words should be: | Words should be: | ||
- | - as internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible | + | * as internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible |
- | - not confusable with other words | + | |
- | - ideally, not false friends | + | |
- | - structurally simple | + | |
- | # Concrete guidelines | + | ====== |
- | ## Proto-Germanic to Folksprak | + | ===== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak |
- | ^ \[pg\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ remarks/ | + | ^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ |
- | | _\*b_ | **b** \[b\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*baunō_ > **boen** | + | | //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], |
- | | _\*ƀ_ | **v** \[v\] at the end of a syllable | _\*weƀaną_ > **wéve** | + | | //*ƀ// | **v** [v] at the end of a syllable | //*weƀaną// > **wéve** [ʋeːvə], Can be **bb** [b] if the consonant was geminated or //*ƀj//, //*reƀja// > **ribb** [rɪb] | |
- | | _\*w_ | **w** \[ʋ\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*wīdaz_ > **wid** | + | | //*w// | **w** [ʋ] at the beginning of a syllable | //*wīdaz// > **wid** [ʋiːd] | |
- | | _\*w_ | **w** \[w\] or \[ʊ\] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is \[w\], at the end of a word makes a \[ʊ\] diphthong with the stem vowel, | + | | //*w// | **w** [w] or [ʊ] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is [w], at the end of a word makes a [ʊ] diphthong with the stem vowel, |
- | | _\*sk_ | **sh** | + | | //*sk// | **sh** [ʃ] in almost all cases | //*skamō// > **sham** [ʃaːm], |
- | | _\*h_ | **h** \[h\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*handuz_ | + | | //*h// | **h** [h] at the beginning of a syllable | //*handuz// |
- | | _\*h_ | **h** \[x\] at the end of syllable | This is the commonest evolution, | + | | //*h// | **h** [x] at the end of syllable | This is the commonest evolution, |
- | | _\*h_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of syllable, sometimes evolves to **j** | Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word becomes | + | | //*h// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of syllable, sometimes evolves to **j** | Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word becomes [ɪ] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, |
- | | _\*hw_ | **w** \[ʋ\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*hwar_ > **war** | + | | //*hw// | **w** [ʋ] at the beginning of a syllable | //*hwar// |
- | | _\*hw_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word becomes | + | | //*hw// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word becomes [ɪ] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, |
- | | _\*hr_ | **r** \[r\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*hringaz_ | + | | //*hr// | **r** [r] at the beginning of a syllable | //*hringaz// |
- | | _\*hl_ | **l** \[l\] | _\*hlahjaną_ > **lahe** | + | | //*hl// | **l** [l] | //*hlahjaną// > **lahe** [ˈlaːxə], |
- | | _\*g_ | **g** \[g\] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, | + | | //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, |
- | | _\*g_+_\*j_ | **gg** | + | | //*g//+//*j// | **gg** [g] | //*brugjō// > **brygg** [brʏg] | |
- | | _\*g_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the _\*g_, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word makes a +\[ɪ\] diphthong with the stem vowel, | + | | //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the //*g//, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, |
- | | _\*þ_ | **t** \[t\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*þrǣduz_ > **trad** | + | | //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | //*þrǣduz// > **trad** [traːd], |
- | | _\*þ_ | **d** \[d\] at the end of a syllable | _\*baþą_ > **bad** | + | | //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], |
- | | _\*þ_ | **d** \[d\] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ | + | | //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ |
- | | _\*f_ | **f** \[f\] at the start of syllables | _\*fadēr_ > **fader** | + | | //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] | |
- | | _\*f_ | **v** \[v\] at the end of syllables | _\*hōfaz_ > **hov** | + | | //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f//+//*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] | |
- | | _\*ī_ | **i** \[iː\] | _\*rīdaną_ > **ride** | + | | //*ī// | **i** [iː] | //*rīdaną// > **ride** [ˈriːdə], |
- | | _\*ō_ | **o** \[oː\] | _\*blōdam_ > **blod** | + | | //*ō// | **o** [oː] | //*blōdam// > **blod** [bloːd], |
- | | _\*ū_ | **u** \[uː\] | _\*hūsą_ > **hus** | + | | //*ū// | **u** [uː] | //*hūsą// > **hus** [huːs], |
- | | _\*ǣ_ | **a** \[aː\] | _\*dǣdiz_ > **dad** | + | | //*ǣ// | **a** [aː] | //*dǣdiz// > **dad** [daːd], |
- | | _\*ai_ | **é** | + | | //*ai// | **é** [eː] | **É** in stressed syllables is optionally written with a acute accent, This is to disambiguate it from **e** used as a schwa [ə], It should written with an acute accent in dictionaries and language learning materials, In normal writing, intended for fluent readers, it can be left off, //*haimaz// |
- | | _\*au_ | **oe** | + | | //*au// | **oe** [øː] | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], |
- | | _\*eu_ | **y** \[yː\] | _\*deupaz_ | + | | //*eu// | **y** [yː] | //*deupaz// |
- | | _\*a_ | **a**, | + | | //*a// | **a**, [a] or [aː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | //*strandaz// |
- | | _\*e_ | **é**, | + | | //*e// | **é**, [ɛ] or **é** [eː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | //*wegaz// |
- | | _\*e_ | **i** \[ɪ\] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation and if the following consonants are geminated | _\*lepjōn_ >> **lipp** | + | | //*e// | **i** [ɪ] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation and if the following consonants are geminated | //*lepjōn// >> **lipp** [lɪp], |
- | | _\*u_ | **u**, | + | | //*u// | **u**, [ʊ] or **o** [ɔ] or **o** [oː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | Short versions change to **o** if the majority of source languages do, //*under// |
- | | _\*a_ | **é** | + | | //*a// | **é** [ɛ] or **é** [eː] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation | //*wadjōną// > **wédde** [ˈʋɛdə], |
- | | _\*u_ | **y** \[ʏ\] or **y** \[yː\] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation, long or short depending if the following consonants are geminated | _\*hrugjaz_ | + | | //*u// | **y** [ʏ] or **y** [yː] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation, long or short depending if the following consonants are geminated | //*hrugjaz// |
- | | _\*ō_ | **oe** | + | | //*ō// | **oe** [øː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | WG //*grōnja-// > **groen** [grøːn], WG //*fōljan// |
- | | _\*ū_ | **y** \[yː\] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | _\*kūhska_, _\*kūhski_ > **kysh** | + | | //*ū// | **y** [yː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | //*kūhska//, //*kūhski// |
- | | _\*ǣ_ | **ae** | + | | //*ǣ// | **ae** [ɛː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | Latin // |
- | | _\*a_, _\*e_, _\*i_, _\*o_, _\*u_ etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** \[ə\] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | _\*ga-nōga_ > **genog** | + | | //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | //*ga-nōga// > **genog** [gəˈnoːg], |
- | ## Latin, Græco-Latin, | + | ===== Latin, Græco-Latin, |
Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | ||
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The form of most of the vowels are retained and are pronounced as they are spelled – the vowel length is long or short depending on whether the following consonant is singular or a cluster, but with the following changes applied. | The form of most of the vowels are retained and are pronounced as they are spelled – the vowel length is long or short depending on whether the following consonant is singular or a cluster, but with the following changes applied. | ||
- | ^ \[xx\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ remarks/ | + | ^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ |
- | | _\*c_ not before e, i, y | **k** \[k\] | _cablo_ | + | | //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | // |
- | | _\*c_ before æ, e, i, y | **c** \[ʦ\] | _cemento_ | + | | //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | // |
- | | _\*-ti-_ before another vowel | **-ci-** | + | | //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | // |
- | | _\*ch_ (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** \[k\] | _character_ | + | | //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | // |
- | | _\*ch_ (French/ | + | | //*ch// (French/ |
- | | _\*g_ (French soft g before e, i, y) | **gj** | + | | //*g// (French soft g before e, i, y) | **gj** [ʒ] | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have changed the pronunciation from the default for **g**. So normally the English cognate will have [ʤ] and the German cognate with have [ʒ]. |
- | | _\*ph_ (Græco-Latin phi) | **f** \[f\] | _photographo_ | + | | //*ph// (Græco-Latin phi) | **f** [f] | // |
- | | _\*th_ (Græco-Latin theta) | **t** \[t\] | _theatro_ | + | | //*th// (Græco-Latin theta) | **t** [t] | // |
- | | _\*x_ | **ks** | + | | //*x// | **ks** [ks] | // |
- | | _\*qu_ | **kw** | + | | //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | // |
- | | _\*que_ (French que) | **k** \[k\] | When French | + | | //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French |
- | | _\*u_ (French u) | **y** \[ʏː\] or \[yː\], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases _\*u_ > **u** \[ʊ\] or \[uː\]. Fr _brusque_ | + | | //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr // |
- | | _\*é_ (French é) | **éé** | + | | //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr // |
- | | _\*ai_ (French ai) | **ae** | + | | //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, |
- | | _\*eu_ (French eu) > **oe** | + | | //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr // |
- | | _\*ou_ (French ou) | **u** \[uː\] or \[ʊ\] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr _douche_ | + | | //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr // |
- | | _\*eu_ (Græco-Latin eu) | **eu** | + | | //*eu// (Græco-Latin eu) | **eu** [ɛʊ] | Unlike French |
- | | _\*æ_ (Græco-Latin æ) | **é** | + | | //*æ// (Græco-Latin æ) | **é** [eː] or [ɛ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Unlike German and Danish, but like American English, Dutch and Swedish, Græco-Latin |
- | | _\*a_ (from Latin _\*-tas_, _\*-tatem_) | **ae** | + | | //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, //*-tatem//) | **ae** [ɛː] | Latin // |
- | | _\*a_ (from Latin \*-alis) | **a** \[aː\] | Latin _actualis_ | + | | //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin // |
- | | _\*-ar_, _\*-er_, _\*-ir_ (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** | + | | //*-ar//, //*-er//, //*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | // |
- | ## German to Folksprak | + | ===== German to Folksprak |
- | ^ \[de\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples | | + | ^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples | |
- | | _-ö-_ | **ö** or sometimes **e** | _hören_ | + | | //-ö-// | **ö** or sometimes **e** | // |
- | | _-ü-_ | **ö**, | + | | //-ü-// | **ö**, |
- | | _-au-_ | **u**, **ö**, **o** | _Haus_ | + | | //-au-// | **u**, **ö**, **o** | // |
- | | _-eu-_ | **ü** | _neu_ > **nü**, | + | | //-eu-// | **ü** | // |
- | | _-ei-_ | **i** or sometimes **e** | _Eis_ > **is**, | + | | //-ei-// | **i** or sometimes **e** | // |
- | | _sch-$-_ | **sk-$** | _schulden_ | + | | //sch-$-// | **sk-$** | // |
- | | _sch-&-_ | **s-&** | _schwarz_ | + | | //sch-&-// | **s-&** | // |
- | | _-sch-_, _-sch_ | **sk** | _herrschen_ | + | | //-sch-//, //-sch// | **sk** | // |
- | | _-chs_, _-chs-_ | **ks** | _Fuchs_ | + | | //-chs//, //-chs-// | **ks** | // |
- | | _-ch_ | **k**, **g** | _ich_ > **ek**, | + | | //-ch// | **k**, **g** | // |
- | | _-ch-_ | **k**, **g** or elimination | _machen_ | + | | //-ch-// | **k**, **g** or elimination | // |
- | | _z-_, _-z-_, _-z_, _-tz-_, _-tz_ | **t** | _Zahl_ | + | | //z-//, //-z-//, //-z//, //-tz-//, //-tz// | **t** | // |
- | | _-ss-_, _-ß_ | **t** | _hassen_ | + | | //-ss-//, //-ß// | **t** | // |
- | | _w-_, _-w-_ | **v** | _wollen_ | + | | //w-//, //-w-// | **v** | // |
- | | _-b-_ | **v** | _haben_ | + | | //-b-// | **v** | // |
- | | _-f-_ | **p** | _auf_ > **up**, | + | | //-f-// | **p** | // |
- | ## English to Folksprak | + | ===== English to Folksprak |
- | Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as " | + | Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as " |
- | ^ \[en\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples ^ | + | ^ [en]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ |
- | | _e(e)_ | **i** | _we_ > **vi**, | + | | //e(e)// | **i** | // |
- | | _ea_ | **e** | _instead_ | + | | // |
- | | _oo_ | **u** | _good_ | + | | // |
- | | _ou_ | **u** | _group_ | + | | // |
- | | _w(h)_ | **v** | _water_ | + | | //w(h)// | **v** | // |
- | | _th_ | **d** | _that_ | + | | // |
- | | _c_ | **k** | _to can_ > **kane**, | + | | //c// | **k** | //to can// > **kane**, |
- | | _sh_ | **sk** or sometimes **s** | _fish_ | + | | // |
- | ## Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak | + | ===== Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak |
- | ^ \[nb\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples ^ | + | ^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ |
- | | _å_ | **o** or sometimes **u** | _å gå_ > **goe**, | + | | // |
- | | _o_ | **u** | _for_ > **fur**, | + | | //o// | **u** | // |
- | | _y_ | **i** or sometimes **u** | _syve_ | + | | //y// | **i** or sometimes **u** | // |
- | | _ø_ | **o** | _død_ | + | | // |
- | | _æ_ | **e** | _å lære_ | + | | // |