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- | ==== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak ==== | + | # General guidelines |
- | ^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | + | |
- | | //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], // | + | |
- | | //*ƀ// | **v** [v] at the end of a syllable | // | + | |
- | | //*w// | **w** [ʋ] at the beginning of a syllable | //*wīdaz// > **wid** [ʋiːd] | | + | |
- | | //*w// | **w** [w] or [ʊ] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is [w], at the end of a word makes a [ʊ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //grǣwaz// > **graw** [graʊ], // | + | |
- | | //*sk// | **sh** [ʃ] in almost all cases | //*skamō// > **sham** [ʃaːm], //*fiskaz// > **fish** [fɪʃ] | | + | |
- | | //*h// | **h** [h] at the beginning of a syllable | //*handuz// > **hand** [hand] | | + | |
- | | //*h// | **h** [x] at the end of syllable | This is the commonest evolution, //*nahts// > **naht** [naxt], //*hauhaz// > **hoeh** [høːx] | | + | |
- | | //*h// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of syllable, sometimes evolves to **j** | Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word becomes [ɪ] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, // | + | |
- | | //*hw// | **w** [ʋ] at the beginning of a syllable | //*hwar// > **war** [ʋaːr] | | + | |
- | | //*hw// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word becomes [ɪ] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, // | + | |
- | | //*hr// | **r** [r] at the beginning of a syllable | // | + | |
- | | //*hl// | **l** [l] | // | + | |
- | | //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, // | + | |
- | | //*g+*j// | **gg** [g] | // | + | |
- | | //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the *g, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //*seglam// > **sejl** [seɪl], // | + | |
- | | //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | // | + | |
- | | //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], //*erþō// > **érd** [ɛrd] | | + | |
- | | //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ | + | |
- | | //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] | | + | |
- | | //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f+*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] | | + | |
- | | //*ī// | **i** [iː] | // | + | |
- | | //*ō// | **o** [oː] | // | + | |
- | | //*ū// | **u** [uː] | //*hūsą// > **hus** [huːs], //*rūhaz// > **ruj** [ruːɪ] | | + | |
- | | //*ǣ// | **a** [aː] | //*dǣdiz// > **dad** [daːd], //*ǣlaz// > **al** [aːl] | | + | |
- | | //*ai// | **é** [eː] | **É** in stressed syllables is optionally written with a acute accent, This is to disambiguate it from **e** used as a schwa [ə], It should written with an acute accent in dictionaries and language learning materials, In normal writing, intended for fluent readers, it can be left off, //*haimaz// > **hém** [heːm], // | + | |
- | | //*au// | **oe** [øː] | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], // | + | |
- | | //*eu// | **y** [yː] | //*deupaz// > **dyp** [dyːp], // | + | |
- | | //*a// | **a**, [a] or [aː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | // | + | |
- | | //*e// | **é**, [ɛ] or **é** [eː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | //*wegaz// > **wég** [ʋeːg], // | + | |
- | | //*e// | **i** [ɪ] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation and if the following consonants are geminated | // | + | |
- | | //*u// | **u**, [ʊ] or **o** [ɔ] or **o** [oː] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | Short versions change to **o** if the majority of source languages do, //*under// > **under** [ˈʊndər], | + | |
- | | //*a// | **é** [ɛ] or **é** [eː] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation | // | + | |
- | | //*u// | **y** [ʏ] or **y** [yː] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation, long or short depending if the following consonants are geminated | // | + | |
- | | //*ō// | **oe** [øː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | WG // | + | |
- | | //*ū// | **y** [yː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | // | + | |
- | | //*ǣ// | **ae** [ɛː] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | Latin //caseus// WG // | + | |
- | | //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | // | + | |
- | ==== Latin, Græco-Latin, | + | Words should be: |
+ | |||
+ | - as internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible | ||
+ | - not confusable with other words | ||
+ | - ideally, not false friends | ||
+ | - structurally simple | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | # Concrete guidelines | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Proto-Germanic to Folksprak | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ \[pg\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ remarks/ | ||
+ | | _\*b_ | **b** \[b\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*baunō_ > **boen** \[bøːn\], _\*brōþēr_ > **broder** \[ˈbroːdər\] | | ||
+ | | _\*ƀ_ | **v** \[v\] at the end of a syllable | _\*weƀaną_ > **wéve** \[ʋeːvə\], | ||
+ | | _\*w_ | **w** \[ʋ\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*wīdaz_ > **wid** \[ʋiːd\] | | ||
+ | | _\*w_ | **w** \[w\] or \[ʊ\] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is \[w\], at the end of a word makes a \[ʊ\] diphthong with the stem vowel, _grǣwaz_ > **graw** \[graʊ\], _\*snaiwaz_ > **snéw** \[sneːʊ\] | | ||
+ | | _\*sk_ | **sh** \[ʃ\] in almost all cases | _\*skamō_ > **sham** \[ʃaːm\], _\*fiskaz_ > **fish** \[fɪʃ\] | | ||
+ | | _\*h_ | **h** \[h\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*handuz_ > **hand** \[hand\] | | ||
+ | | _\*h_ | **h** \[x\] at the end of syllable | This is the commonest evolution, _\*nahts_ > **naht** \[naxt\], _\*hauhaz_ > **hoeh** \[høːx\] | | ||
+ | | _\*h_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of syllable, sometimes evolves to **j** | Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word becomes \[ɪ\] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, _\*þleuhan_ > **flyje** \[ˈflyːjə\], | ||
+ | | _\*hw_ | **w** \[ʋ\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*hwar_ > **war** \[ʋaːr\] | | ||
+ | | _\*hw_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of a syllable | Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word becomes \[ɪ\] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel, _\*sehwaną_ > **seje** \[ˈseːjə\], | ||
+ | | _\*hr_ | **r** \[r\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*hringaz_ > **ring** \[rɪŋ\], At the end of a syllable is **-jr** \[-ɪr\] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel: _\*tahrą_ > **tajr** \[taɪr\] | | ||
+ | | _\*hl_ | **l** \[l\] | _\*hlahjaną_ > **lahe** \[ˈlaːxə\], | ||
+ | | _\*g_ | **g** \[g\] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, _\*geƀaną_ > **géve** \[ˈgeːve\], | ||
+ | | _\*g_+_\*j_ | **gg** \[g\] | _\*brugjō_ > **brygg** \[brʏg\] | | ||
+ | | _\*g_ | **j** \[j\] or \[ɪ\] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the _\*g_, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is \[j\], at the end of a word makes a +\[ɪ\] diphthong with the stem vowel, _\*seglam_ > **sejl** \[seɪl\], _\*magaþiz_ > **majd** \[maid\] | | ||
+ | | _\*þ_ | **t** \[t\] at the beginning of a syllable | _\*þrǣduz_ > **trad** \[traːd\], _\*þankōną_ > **tanke** \[ˈtaŋkə\] | | ||
+ | | _\*þ_ | **d** \[d\] at the end of a syllable | _\*baþą_ > **bad** \[baːd\], _\*erþō_ > **érd** \[ɛrd\] | | ||
+ | | _\*þ_ | **d** \[d\] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ | ||
+ | | _\*f_ | **f** \[f\] at the start of syllables | _\*fadēr_ > **fader** \[ˈfaːdər\] | | ||
+ | | _\*f_ | **v** \[v\] at the end of syllables | _\*hōfaz_ > **hov** \[hoːv\], If it is geminated or _\*f_+_\*j_, | ||
+ | | _\*ī_ | **i** \[iː\] | _\*rīdaną_ > **ride** \[ˈriːdə\], | ||
+ | | _\*ō_ | **o** \[oː\] | _\*blōdam_ > **blod** \[bloːd\], _\*mōþar_ > **moder** \[ˈmoːdər\] | | ||
+ | | _\*ū_ | **u** \[uː\] | _\*hūsą_ > **hus** \[huːs\], _\*rūhaz_ > **ruj** \[ruːɪ\] | | ||
+ | | _\*ǣ_ | **a** \[aː\] | _\*dǣdiz_ > **dad** \[daːd\], _\*ǣlaz_ > **al** \[aːl\] | | ||
+ | | _\*ai_ | **é** \[eː\] | **É** in stressed syllables is optionally written with a acute accent, This is to disambiguate it from **e** used as a schwa \[ə\], It should written with an acute accent in dictionaries and language learning materials, In normal writing, intended for fluent readers, it can be left off, _\*haimaz_ > **hém** \[heːm\], _\*dailijan_ > **déle** \[deːlə\] | | ||
+ | | _\*au_ | **oe** \[øː\] | _\*baunō_ > **boen** \[bøːn\], _\*hauƀudą_ > **hoeved** \[ˈhøːvəd\] | | ||
+ | | _\*eu_ | **y** \[yː\] | _\*deupaz_ > **dyp** \[dyːp\], _\*freusaną_ > **fryse** \[ˈfryːsə\] | | ||
+ | | _\*a_ | **a**, \[a\] or \[aː\] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | _\*strandaz_ > **strand** \[strand\], _\*hwalaz_ > **wal** \[ʋaːl\] | | ||
+ | | _\*e_ | **é**, \[ɛ\] or **é** \[eː\] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | _\*wegaz_ > **wég** \[ʋeːg\], _\*sternan_, | ||
+ | | _\*e_ | **i** \[ɪ\] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation and if the following consonants are geminated | _\*lepjōn_ >> **lipp** \[lɪp\], _\*senn_, _\*senþ-_ > **sinn** \[sɪn\] | | ||
+ | | _\*u_ | **u**, \[ʊ\] or **o** \[ɔ\] or **o** \[oː\] short or long depending on following geminated consonants | Short versions change to **o** if the majority of source languages do, _\*under_ > **under** \[ˈʊndər\], | ||
+ | | _\*a_ | **é** \[ɛ\] or **é** \[eː\] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation | _\*wadjōną_ > **wédde** \[ˈʋɛdə\], | ||
+ | | _\*u_ | **y** \[ʏ\] or **y** \[yː\] if the majority of source languages show i-mutation, long or short depending if the following consonants are geminated | _\*hrugjaz_ > **rygg** \[rʏg\], _\*uƀilaz_ > **yvel** \[ˈyːvəl\] | | ||
+ | | _\*ō_ | **oe** \[øː\] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | WG _\*grōnja-_ > **groen** \[grøːn\], | ||
+ | | _\*ū_ | **y** \[yː\] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | _\*kūhska_, | ||
+ | | _\*ǣ_ | **ae** \[ɛː\] if the majority of the source languages show i-mutation | Latin _caseus_ WG _\*kǣsjus_ > **kaes** \[kɛːs\], _\*fǣgjan_ > **faege** \[ˈfɛːgə\] | | ||
+ | | _\*a_, _\*e_, _\*i_, _\*o_, _\*u_ etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** \[ə\] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | _\*ga-nōga_ > **genog** \[gəˈnoːg\], | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ## Latin, Græco-Latin, | ||
Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | ||
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The form of most of the vowels are retained and are pronounced as they are spelled – the vowel length is long or short depending on whether the following consonant is singular or a cluster, but with the following changes applied. | The form of most of the vowels are retained and are pronounced as they are spelled – the vowel length is long or short depending on whether the following consonant is singular or a cluster, but with the following changes applied. | ||
- | ^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | + | ^ \[xx\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ remarks/ |
- | | //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | // | + | | _\*c_ not before e, i, y | **k** \[k\] | _cablo_ |
- | | //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | // | + | | _\*c_ before æ, e, i, y | **c** \[ʦ\] | _cemento_ |
- | | //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | // | + | | _\*-ti-_ before another vowel | **-ci-** |
- | | //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | // | + | | _\*ch_ (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** \[k\] | _character_ |
- | | //*ch// (French/ | + | | _\*ch_ (French/ |
- | | //*g// (French soft g before e, i, y) | **gj** [ʒ] | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have changed the pronunciation from the default for **g**. So normally the English cognate will have [ʤ] and the German cognate with have [ʒ]. | + | | _\*g_ (French soft g before e, i, y) | **gj** |
- | | //*ph// (Græco-Latin phi) | **f** [f] | // | + | | _\*ph_ (Græco-Latin phi) | **f** \[f\] | _photographo_ |
- | | //*th// (Græco-Latin theta) | **t** [t] | // | + | | _\*th_ (Græco-Latin theta) | **t** \[t\] | _theatro_ |
- | | //*x// | **ks** [ks] | // | + | | _\*x_ | **ks** |
- | | //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | // | + | | _\*qu_ | **kw** |
- | | //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French | + | | _\*que_ (French que) | **k** \[k\] | When French |
- | | //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr // | + | | _\*u_ (French u) | **y** \[ʏː\] or \[yː\], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases _\*u_ > **u** \[ʊ\] or \[uː\]. Fr _brusque_ |
- | | //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr // | + | | _\*é_ (French é) | **éé** |
- | | //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, | + | | _\*ai_ (French ai) | **ae** |
- | | //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr // | + | | _\*eu_ (French eu) > **oe** |
- | | //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr // | + | | _\*ou_ (French ou) | **u** \[uː\] or \[ʊ\] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr _douche_ |
- | | //*eu// (Græco-Latin eu) | **eu** [ɛʊ] | Unlike French | + | | _\*eu_ (Græco-Latin eu) | **eu** |
- | | //*æ// (Græco-Latin æ) | **é** [eː] or [ɛ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Unlike German and Danish, but like American English, Dutch and Swedish, Græco-Latin | + | | _\*æ_ (Græco-Latin æ) | **é** |
- | | //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, //*-tatem//) | **ae** [ɛː] | Latin // | + | | _\*a_ (from Latin _\*-tas_, _\*-tatem_) | **ae** |
- | | //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin // | + | | _\*a_ (from Latin \*-alis) | **a** \[aː\] | Latin _actualis_ |
- | | //*-ar//, //-*er//, //-*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | // | + | | _\*-ar_, _\*-er_, _\*-ir_ (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** |
- | ==== German to Folksprak ==== | ||
- | ^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples | | + | ## German |
- | | //ö// | **o** or sometimes | + | |
- | | //ü// | **u** | //für// > **fur**, //müssen// > **mute** | | + | |
- | | //ei// | **i** or sometimes **e** | //Eis// > **is**, //mein// > **min**, //frei// > **fri**, //ein(e)// > **en** | | + | |
- | | //au// | **u** or sometimes **o** | //Frau// > **fru**, //Haus// > **hus**, //Raum// > **rum**, //auch// > **ok**, //trauen// > **true** | | + | |
- | | //eu// | **u** | //neu// > **nu**, //deutsch// > **dutisk** | | + | |
- | | //ch// | **k** or elimination | //ich// > **ik**, //doch// > **dok**, //Buch// > **buk**, //nicht// > **nit** | | + | |
- | | //z//, //ss// and //ß// | **t** | //Zahl// > **tal**, //Zunge// > **tuq**, //zu// > **to**, //hassen// > **hate**, //müssen// > **mute**, //groß// > **grot** | | + | |
- | | //sch// | **sk** or sometimes **c** or **s** | //Schuld// > **skuld**, // | + | |
- | | //w// | **v** | //wollen// > **vile**, //Wolf// > **volf** | | + | |
- | | //b// (not as first letter) | **v** | //haben// > **have**, //leben// > **leve** | | + | |
- | | //f// (not as first letter) | **p** | //auf// > **up**, //helfen// > **helpe** | | + | |
- | ==== English to Folksprak ==== | + | ^ \[de\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples | |
+ | | _-ö-_ | **ö** or sometimes **e** | _hören_ > **höre**, _schön_ > **skön**, _zwölf_ > **tvelv** | | ||
+ | | _-ü-_ | **ö**, | ||
+ | | _-au-_ | **u**, **ö**, **o** | _Haus_ > **hus**, _Haupt_ > **hövd**, _auch_ > **ok** | | ||
+ | | _-eu-_ | **ü** | _neu_ > **nü**, _deutsch_ > **dütisk** | | ||
+ | | _-ei-_ | **i** or sometimes **e** | _Eis_ > **is**, _mein_ > **min**, _frei_ > **fri**, _ein(e)_ > **en** | | ||
+ | | _sch-$-_ | **sk-$** | _schulden_ > **skulde**, _scheren_ > **skere** | | ||
+ | | _sch-& | ||
+ | | _-sch-_, _-sch_ | **sk** | _herrschen_ > **herske**, _dänisch_ > **danisk** | | ||
+ | | _-chs_, _-chs-_ | **ks** | _Fuchs_ > **fuks**, _sechs_ > **seks**, _Ochse_ > **oks** | | ||
+ | | _-ch_ | **k**, **g** | _ich_ > **ek**, _Buch_ > **buk**, _hoch_ > **hog** | | ||
+ | | _-ch-_ | **k**, **g** or elimination | _machen_ > **make**, _Specht_ > **spegt**, _nicht_ > **nit** | | ||
+ | | _z-_, _-z-_, _-z_, _-tz-_, _-tz_ | **t** | _Zahl_ > **tal**, _Holz_ > **holt**, _Katze_ > **kat**, _Netz_ > **net** | | ||
+ | | _-ss-_, _-ß_ | **t** | _hassen_ > **hate**, _müssen_ > **mute**, _groß_ > **grot** | | ||
+ | | _w-_, _-w-_ | **v** | _wollen_ > **vile**, _Wolf_ > **volf**, _zwei_ > **tve** | | ||
+ | | _-b-_ | **v** | _haben_ > **have**, _leben_ > **leve** | | ||
+ | | _-f-_ | **p** | _auf_ > **up**, _helfen_ > **helpe** | | ||
- | Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as " | ||
- | ^ [en]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ | + | ## English |
- | | //e(e)// | **i** | //we// > **vi**, //free// > **fri** | | + | |
- | | //ea// | **e** | //instead// > **insted** | | + | |
- | | //oo// | **u** | //good// > **gud**, //blood// > **blud**, //room// > **rum** | | + | |
- | | //ou// | **u** | //group// > **grup**, //out// > **ut**, //our// > **ur**, //round// > **rund** | | + | |
- | | //w(h)// | **v** | //water// > **vater**, //to will// > **vile**, //white// > **vit**, //what// > **vat** | | + | |
- | | //th// | **d** | //that// > **dat**, //there// > **der**, //the// > **de** | | + | |
- | | //c// | **k** | //to can// > **kane**, //to come// > **kome** | | + | |
- | | //sh// | **sk** or sometimes **s** | //fish// > **fisk**, //shoe// > **sku**, //shall// > **skal** | | + | |
- | ==== Norwegian | + | Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography |
- | ^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ | + | ^ \[en\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples ^ |
- | | // | + | | _e(e)_ |
- | | //o// | **u** | // | + | | _ea_ | **e** | _instead_ > **insted** | |
- | | //y// | **i** or sometimes | + | | _oo_ | **u** | _good_ |
- | | // | + | | _ou_ | **u** | _group_ |
- | | // | + | | _w(h)_ |
+ | | _th_ | **d** | _that_ | ||
+ | | _c_ | **k** | _to can_ > **kane**, _to come_ > **kome** | | ||
+ | | _sh_ | **sk** or sometimes **s** | _fish_ > **fisk**, _shoe_ > **sku**, _shall_ | ||
- | ==== General guidelines ==== | ||
- | Words should be: | + | ## Norwegian |
- | - As internationally recognisable | + | |
- | - Not confusable with other words | + | ^ \[nb\]-gramm ^ \[fs\]-gramm ^ examples ^ |
- | - Ideally, not false friends | + | | _å_ | **o** or sometimes **u** | _å gå_ > **goe**, _nå_ > **no** | |
- | - Structurally simple | + | | _o_ | **u** | _for_ > **fur**, _blod_ > **blud**, _å troe_ > **true** | |
+ | | _y_ | **i** or sometimes **u** | _syve_ > **siv**, _ny_ > **nu**, _å frykte_ > **fruke** | | ||
+ | | _ø_ | **o** | _død_ > **dod**, _å høre_ > **hore** | | ||
+ | | _æ_ | **e** | _å lære_ > **lere** | | ||