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guidelines_for_word_formation [2016/05/26 21:05]
fenris
guidelines_for_word_formation [2020/12/03 21:21] (current)
fenris
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-==== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak ====+====== General guidelines ====== 
 + 
 +Words should be: 
 + 
 +  * as internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible 
 +  * not confusable with other words 
 +  * ideally, not false friends 
 +  * structurally simple 
 + 
 + 
 +====== Concrete guidelines ====== 
 + 
 +===== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak ====
 ^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/examples ^ ^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/examples ^
 | //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], //*brōþēr// > **broder** [ˈbroːdər] | | //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], //*brōþēr// > **broder** [ˈbroːdər] |
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 | //*hl// | **l** [l] | //*hlahjaną// > **lahe** [ˈlaːxə], At the end of a syllable is **-jl** [-ɪl] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel: //*hanhilō// > **hejl** [heɪl] | | //*hl// | **l** [l] | //*hlahjaną// > **lahe** [ˈlaːxə], At the end of a syllable is **-jl** [-ɪl] and combines as a diphthong with the stem vowel: //*hanhilō// > **hejl** [heɪl] |
 | //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, //*geƀaną// > **géve** [ˈgeːve], //*dagaz// > **dag** [daːg] | | //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, //*geƀaną// > **géve** [ˈgeːve], //*dagaz// > **dag** [daːg] |
-| //*g+*j// | **gg** [g] | //*brugjō// > **brygg** [brʏg] | +| //*g//+//*j// | **gg** [g] | //*brugjō// > **brygg** [brʏg] | 
-| //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the *g, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //*seglam// > **sejl** [seɪl], //*magaþiz// > **majd** [maid] |+| //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the //*g//, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //*seglam// > **sejl** [seɪl], //*magaþiz// > **majd** [maid] |
 | //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | //*þrǣduz// > **trad** [traːd], //*þankōną// > **tanke** [ˈtaŋkə] | | //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | //*þrǣduz// > **trad** [traːd], //*þankōną// > **tanke** [ˈtaŋkə] |
 | //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], //*erþō// > **érd** [ɛrd] | | //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], //*erþō// > **érd** [ɛrd] |
 | //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/adverbs, This is when //*þ// evolves to **d** [d] in Scandinavian languages and to voiced **th** [ð] in English, Whether the cognate is voiced in English and/or Scandinavian is the deciding factor here, //*þauh// > **doh** [doːh], //*þū// > **du** [duː] | | //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/adverbs, This is when //*þ// evolves to **d** [d] in Scandinavian languages and to voiced **th** [ð] in English, Whether the cognate is voiced in English and/or Scandinavian is the deciding factor here, //*þauh// > **doh** [doːh], //*þū// > **du** [duː] |
 | //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] | | //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] |
-| //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f+*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] |+| //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f//+//*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] |
 | //*ī// | **i** [iː] | //*rīdaną// > **ride** [ˈriːdə], //*hwītaz// **wit** [ʋiːt] | | //*ī// | **i** [iː] | //*rīdaną// > **ride** [ˈriːdə], //*hwītaz// **wit** [ʋiːt] |
 | //*ō// | **o** [oː] | //*blōdam// > **blod** [bloːd], //*mōþar// > **moder** [ˈmoːdər] | | //*ō// | **o** [oː] | //*blōdam// > **blod** [bloːd], //*mōþar// > **moder** [ˈmoːdər] |
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 | //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | //*ga-nōga// > **genog** [gəˈnoːg], //*augōn// > **oege** [ˈøːgə] //*haƀukaz// > **havek** [ˈhaːvək], //*hōraz// > **hor** [hoːr] | | //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | //*ga-nōga// > **genog** [gəˈnoːg], //*augōn// > **oege** [ˈøːgə] //*haƀukaz// > **havek** [ˈhaːvək], //*hōraz// > **hor** [hoːr] |
  
-==== Latin, Græco-Latin, Romance and French to Folksprak ====+ 
 +===== Latin, Græco-Latin, Romance and French to Folksprak =====
  
 Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak.
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 ^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/examples ^ ^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/examples ^
 | //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | //cablo// > **kabel** [ˈkaːbəl], //directe// > **dirékt** [dɪˈrɛkt] | | //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | //cablo// > **kabel** [ˈkaːbəl], //directe// > **dirékt** [dɪˈrɛkt] |
-| //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | //cemento// > **cemént** [ʦɛˈmɛnt], //decembre// > **decémber** [dɛˈʦɛmbər]. A word final //*c// is not possible, so the normal solution is that if any of the source languages pronouce an extra vowel after the //*c// in their cognates, then a final **e** [ə] should be added: **ekscellénce** [ɛksʦɛˈlɛnʦə] not ***ekscellénc** If none of the source languages have an extra vowel, then //*c// should be changed to **s** [s]: **dans** [dans] not ***danc**. |+| //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | //cemento// > **cemént** [ʦɛˈmɛnt], //decembre// > **decémber** [dɛˈʦɛmbər]. A word final //*c// is not possible, so the normal solution is that if any of the source languages pronouce an extra vowel after the //*c// in their cognates, then a final **e** [ə] should be added: **ekscellénce** [ɛksʦɛˈlɛnʦə] not **ekscellénc** If none of the source languages have an extra vowel, then //*c// should be changed to **s** [s]: **dans** [dans] not **danc**. |
 | //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | //station// > **stacion** [staˈʦjoːn], //absentia// > **abséncie** [abˈsɛnʦjə], //patiente// > **paciént** [paˈʦjɛnt] | | //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | //station// > **stacion** [staˈʦjoːn], //absentia// > **abséncie** [abˈsɛnʦjə], //patiente// > **paciént** [paˈʦjɛnt] |
 | //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | //character// > **karakter** [kaˈraktər], //technica// > **teknik** [tɛkˈniːk] | | //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | //character// > **karakter** [kaˈraktər], //technica// > **teknik** [tɛkˈniːk] |
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 | //*x// | **ks** [ks] | //luxo// > **lukse** [ˈlʊksə], //extreme// > **ekstrém** [ɛksˈtreːm] | | //*x// | **ks** [ks] | //luxo// > **lukse** [ˈlʊksə], //extreme// > **ekstrém** [ɛksˈtreːm] |
 | //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | //quadrato// > **kwadrat** [kʋaˈdraːt], //adequate// > **adekwat** [adɛˈkʋaːt] | | //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | //quadrato// > **kwadrat** [kʋaˈdraːt], //adequate// > **adekwat** [adɛˈkʋaːt] |
-| //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French *que is used to designate a [k] sound before a *e or *i, then is changed to **k** [k]. French //banquet// > **bankétt** [baŋˈkɛt], French //liqueur// > **likoer** [lɪˈkøːr] |+| //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French //que// is used to designate a [k] sound before a //e// or //i//, then is changed to **k** [k]. French //banquet// > **bankétt** [baŋˈkɛt], French //liqueur// > **likoer** [lɪˈkøːr] |
 | //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr //brusque// > **brysk** [brʏsk], Fr //brochure// > **broshyre** [brɔˈʃyːrə] | | //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr //brusque// > **brysk** [brʏsk], Fr //brochure// > **broshyre** [brɔˈʃyːrə] |
 | //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr //cliché// > **klishéé** [klɪˈʃeː]. Fr //allée// > **alléé** [aˈleː] | | //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr //cliché// > **klishéé** [klɪˈʃeː]. Fr //allée// > **alléé** [aˈleː] |
-| //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, the cognate in Folksprak will have **ae** | Note that the English cognate may have **ea** or **ai**, and the Dutch **ei**, **e **or **ai**: Fr //déta// > **detael** [dɛˈtɛːl], Fr //portrait// > **portraet** [pɔrˈtrɛːt], Fr //saison// > **saeson** [sɛːˈzoːn]. Fr //fontaine// > **fontaen** [fɔnˈtɛːn] |+| //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, the cognate in Folksprak will have **ae** | Note that the English cognate may have **ea** or **ai**, and the Dutch **ei**, **e** or **ai**: Fr //déta// > **detael** [dɛˈtɛːl], Fr //portrait// > **portraet** [pɔrˈtrɛːt], Fr //saison// > **saeson** [sɛːˈzoːn]. Fr //fontaine// > **fontaen** [fɔnˈtɛːn] |
 | //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr //régisseur// > **regjissoer** [rɛʒɪˈsøːr]. Fr //sérieux// > **serioes** [sɛrɪˈøːs]. Fr //adieu// > **adioe** [adˈjøː] | | //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr //régisseur// > **regjissoer** [rɛʒɪˈsøːr]. Fr //sérieux// > **serioes** [sɛrɪˈøːs]. Fr //adieu// > **adioe** [adˈjøː] |
 | //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr //douche// > **dush** [dʊʃ]. Fr //tour// > **tur** [tuːr]. Fr //limousine// > **limusin** [lɪmʊˈsiːn]. | | //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr //douche// > **dush** [dʊʃ]. Fr //tour// > **tur** [tuːr]. Fr //limousine// > **limusin** [lɪmʊˈsiːn]. |
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 | //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, //*-tatem//) | **ae** [ɛː] | Latin //universitas/universitatem// > //universitate// > **universitaet** [ʊnɪvɛrsɪˈtɛːt]. L //qualitas/qualitatem// > //qualitate// > **kwalitaet** [kʋalɪˈtɛːt] | | //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, //*-tatem//) | **ae** [ɛː] | Latin //universitas/universitatem// > //universitate// > **universitaet** [ʊnɪvɛrsɪˈtɛːt]. L //qualitas/qualitatem// > //qualitate// > **kwalitaet** [kʋalɪˈtɛːt] |
 | //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin //actualis// > //actual// > **aktual** [aktʊˈaːl], Latin //realis// > //real// > **real** [rɛˈaːl] | | //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin //actualis// > //actual// > **aktual** [aktʊˈaːl], Latin //realis// > //real// > **real** [rɛˈaːl] |
-| //*-ar//, //-*er//, //-*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | //diriger// > **dirigaere** [dɪrɪˈgɛːrə], //nivellar// > **nivellaere** [nɪvɛˈlɛːrə] |+| //*-ar//, //*-er//, //*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | //diriger// > **dirigaere** [dɪrɪˈgɛːrə], //nivellar// > **nivellaere** [nɪvɛˈlɛːrə] |
  
-==== German to Folksprak ====+ 
 +===== German to Folksprak =====
  
 ^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples | ^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples |
-| //ö// | **o** or sometimes to **e** | //hören// > **hor**//zwölf// > **tvelf** | +| //-ö-// | **ö** or sometimes **e** | //hören// > **höre**, //schön// > **skön**, //zwölf// > **tvelv** | 
-| //ü// | **u** | //für// > **fur**, //müssen// > **mute** | +| //-ü-// | **ö**,**ü** or sometimes **u** | //grün// > **grön**, //Küste// > **küst**, //müssen// > **mute** | 
-| //ei// | **i** or sometimes **e** | //Eis// > **is**, //mein// > **min**, //frei// > **fri**, //ein(e)// > **en** | +| //-au-// | **u**, **ö**, **o** | //Haus// > **hus**, //Haupt// > **hövd**, //auch// > **ok** | 
-| //au// | **u** or sometimes **o** | //Frau// > **fru**, //Haus// > **hus**//Raum// **rum**//auch// > **ok**, //trauen// > **true** | +| //-eu-// | **ü** | //neu// > **nü**, //deutsch// > **dütisk** | 
-| //eu// | **u** | //neu// > **nu**, //deutsch// > **dutisk** | +| //-ei-// | **i** or sometimes **e** | //Eis// > **is**, //mein// > **min**, //frei// > **fri**, //ein(e)// > **en** | 
-| //ch// | **k** or elimination | //ich// > **ik**, //doch// > **dok**, //Buch// > **buk**, //nicht// > **nit** +| //sch-$-// | **sk-$** | //schulden// > **skulde**, //scheren// > **skere** 
-//z//, //ss// and //ß// | **t** | //Zahl// > **tal**, //Zunge// > **tuq**, //zu// > **to**, //hassen// **hate**//müssen// > **mute**, //groß// > **grot** +//sch-&-// **s-&** //schwarz// > **svart**, //Schwamm// > **svam** | 
-//sch// **sk** or sometimes **c** or **s** | //Schuld// > **skuld**, //herrschen// > **herske**, //schwach// > **svak** | +| //-sch-//, //-sch// | **sk** | //herrschen// > **herske**, //dänisch// > **danisk** | 
-| //w// | **v** | //wollen// > **vile**, //Wolf// > **volf** | +| //-chs//, //-chs-// | **ks** | //Fuchs// > **fuks**, //sechs// > **seks**, //Ochse// > **oks** | 
-| //b// (not as first letter) | **v** | //haben// > **have**, //leben// > **leve** | +| //-ch// | **k**, **g** | //ich// > **ek**//Buch// > **buk**, //hoch// > **hog** | 
-| //f// (not as first letter) | **p** | //auf// > **up**, //helfen// > **helpe** |+//-ch-// | **k**, **g** or elimination | //machen// > **make**, //Specht// > **spegt**, //nicht// > **nit** 
 +| //z-//, //-z-//, //-z//, //-tz-//, //-tz// | **t** //Zahl// > **tal**, //Holz// > **holt**//Katze// **kat**, //Netz// > **net** 
 +| //-ss-//, //-ß// | **t** | //hassen// > **hate**, //müssen// > **mute**, //groß// > **grot** | 
 +| //w-//, //-w-// | **v** | //wollen// > **vile**, //Wolf// > **volf**, //zwei// > **tve** | 
 +| //-b-// | **v** | //haben// > **have**, //leben// > **leve** | 
 +| //-f-// | **p** | //auf// > **up**, //helfen// > **helpe** |
  
-==== English to Folksprak ====+ 
 +===== English to Folksprak =====
  
 Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as "typical" as they are for "German to Folksprak" or "Bokmål to Folksprak". They are rather considered as //possible// transitions. Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as "typical" as they are for "German to Folksprak" or "Bokmål to Folksprak". They are rather considered as //possible// transitions.
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 | //sh// | **sk** or sometimes **s** | //fish// > **fisk**, //shoe// > **sku**, //shall// > **skal** | | //sh// | **sk** or sometimes **s** | //fish// > **fisk**, //shoe// > **sku**, //shall// > **skal** |
  
-==== Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak ====+ 
 +===== Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak =====
  
 ^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ ^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^
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 | //æ// | **e** | //å lære// > **lere** | | //æ// | **e** | //å lære// > **lere** |
  
-==== General guidelines ==== 
- 
-Words should be: 
-  - As internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible 
-  - Not confusable with other words 
-  - Ideally, not false friends 
-  - Structurally simple 
  
guidelines_for_word_formation.1464289549.txt.gz · Last modified: 2016/05/26 21:05 by fenris