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guidelines_for_word_formation [2017/12/17 13:55] fenris [German to Folksprak] |
guidelines_for_word_formation [2020/12/03 21:21] (current) fenris |
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- | ==== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak ==== | + | ====== General guidelines ====== |
+ | |||
+ | Words should be: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * as internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible | ||
+ | * not confusable with other words | ||
+ | * ideally, not false friends | ||
+ | * structurally simple | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====== Concrete guidelines ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Proto-Germanic to Folksprak ===== | ||
^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | ^ [pg]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | ||
| //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], // | | //*b// | **b** [b] at the beginning of a syllable | //*baunō// > **boen** [bøːn], // | ||
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| //*hl// | **l** [l] | // | | //*hl// | **l** [l] | // | ||
| //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, // | | //*g// | **g** [g] at the beginning of a syllable | This is also the most common evolution in other positions of the syllable – but see below, // | ||
- | | //*g+*j// | **gg** [g] | // | + | | //*g//+//*j// | **gg** [g] | // |
- | | //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the *g, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //*seglam// > **sejl** [seɪl], // | + | | //*g// | **j** [j] or [ɪ] at the end of a syllable | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have lost the //*g//, but it’s still retained by a minority or retained in some cognate words, Inter-vocally is [j], at the end of a word makes a +[ɪ] diphthong with the stem vowel, //*seglam// > **sejl** [seɪl], // |
| //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | // | | //*þ// | **t** [t] at the beginning of a syllable | // | ||
| //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], //*erþō// > **érd** [ɛrd] | | | //*þ// | **d** [d] at the end of a syllable | //*baþą// > **bad** [baːd], //*erþō// > **érd** [ɛrd] | | ||
| //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ | | //*þ// | **d** [d] sometimes at the beginning of syllable | This is mostly in pronouns, articles, and some particles/ | ||
| //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] | | | //*f// | **f** [f] at the start of syllables | //*fadēr// > **fader** [ˈfaːdər] | | ||
- | | //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f+*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] | | + | | //*f// | **v** [v] at the end of syllables | //*hōfaz// > **hov** [hoːv], If it is geminated or //*f//+//*j//, then becomes **ff** [f] | |
| //*ī// | **i** [iː] | // | | //*ī// | **i** [iː] | // | ||
| //*ō// | **o** [oː] | // | | //*ō// | **o** [oː] | // | ||
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| //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | // | | //*a//, //*e//, //*i//, //*o//, //*u// etc. in unstressed syllables generalize to **e** [ə] or are lost altogether | Whether to drop an unstressed vowel or retain it is generally determined by what has occurred in the majority of the source languages | // | ||
- | ==== Latin, Græco-Latin, | + | |
+ | ===== Latin, Græco-Latin, | ||
Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | Guidelines for bringing Romance internationalisms into Folksprak. | ||
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^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | ^ [xx]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ remarks/ | ||
| //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | //cablo// > **kabel** [ˈkaːbəl], | | //*c// not before e, i, y | **k** [k] | //cablo// > **kabel** [ˈkaːbəl], | ||
- | | //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | //cemento// > **cemént** [ʦɛˈmɛnt], | + | | //*c// before æ, e, i, y | **c** [ʦ] | //cemento// > **cemént** [ʦɛˈmɛnt], |
| //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | //station// > **stacion** [staˈʦjoːn], | | //*-ti-// before another vowel | **-ci-** [-ʦj-] | //station// > **stacion** [staˈʦjoːn], | ||
| //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | // | | //*ch// (Græco-Latin chi) | **k** [k] | // | ||
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| //*x// | **ks** [ks] | //luxo// > **lukse** [ˈlʊksə], | | //*x// | **ks** [ks] | //luxo// > **lukse** [ˈlʊksə], | ||
| //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | // | | //*qu// | **kw** [kʋ] | // | ||
- | | //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French | + | | //*que// (French que) | **k** [k] | When French |
| //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr //brusque// > **brysk** [brʏsk], Fr // | | //*u// (French u) | **y** [ʏː] or [yː], long or short depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | This only happens when the majority of the source languages have adopted the French pronunciation and assimilated it to their native orthography. In more cases //*u// > **u** [ʊ] or [uː]. Fr //brusque// > **brysk** [brʏsk], Fr // | ||
| //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr //cliché// > **klishéé** [klɪˈʃeː]. Fr //allée// > **alléé** [aˈleː] | | | //*é// (French é) | **éé** [eː] only in a word final position | Fr //cliché// > **klishéé** [klɪˈʃeː]. Fr //allée// > **alléé** [aˈleː] | | ||
- | | //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, | + | | //*ai// (French ai) | **ae** [ɛː] generally when changed to **ä** and **æ** in German and Scandinavian, |
| //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr // | | //*eu// (French eu) > **oe** [øː] | This applies only to French eu. Græco-Latin eu remains as **eu** | Fr // | ||
| //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr //douche// > **dush** [dʊʃ]. Fr //tour// > **tur** [tuːr]. Fr // | | //*ou// (French ou) | **u** [uː] or [ʊ] depending on following consonants (single or clusters) | Fr //douche// > **dush** [dʊʃ]. Fr //tour// > **tur** [tuːr]. Fr // | ||
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| //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, // | | //*a// (from Latin //*-tas//, // | ||
| //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin // | | //*a// (from Latin *-alis) | **a** [aː] | Latin // | ||
- | | //*-ar//, //-*er//, //-*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | //diriger// > **dirigaere** [dɪrɪˈgɛːrə], | + | | //*-ar//, //*-er//, //*-ir// (from Latin -are and other Romance verb infinitive suffixes) | **-aer-** [-ˈɛːr-] | //diriger// > **dirigaere** [dɪrɪˈgɛːrə], |
- | ==== German to Folksprak ==== | + | |
+ | ===== German to Folksprak | ||
^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples | | ^ [de]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples | | ||
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| //-f-// | **p** | //auf// > **up**, //helfen// > **helpe** | | | //-f-// | **p** | //auf// > **up**, //helfen// > **helpe** | | ||
- | ==== English to Folksprak ==== | + | |
+ | ===== English to Folksprak | ||
Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as " | Since modern English has a very unphonetical orthography (due to various reasons), the following transitions are not as " | ||
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| //sh// | **sk** or sometimes **s** | //fish// > **fisk**, //shoe// > **sku**, //shall// > **skal** | | | //sh// | **sk** or sometimes **s** | //fish// > **fisk**, //shoe// > **sku**, //shall// > **skal** | | ||
- | ==== Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak ==== | + | |
+ | ===== Norwegian (Bokmål) to Folksprak | ||
^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ | ^ [nb]-gramm ^ [fs]-gramm ^ examples ^ | ||
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| //æ// | **e** | //å lære// > **lere** | | | //æ// | **e** | //å lære// > **lere** | | ||
- | ==== General guidelines ==== | ||
- | |||
- | Words should be: | ||
- | - As internationally recognisable (within the Germanic world) and/or frequent as possible | ||
- | - Not confusable with other words | ||
- | - Ideally, not false friends | ||
- | - Structurally simple | ||